Which individual difference among learners is least stable over time?

The least stable individual difference among learners is emotional state. Emotional states can fluctuate significantly based on a variety of factors, including personal experiences, stressors, and situational contexts. Unlike cognitive ability, which tends to remain relatively constant over time, or motivation levels and learning preferences, which might change gradually but are more stable, emotional states can vary from moment to moment.

For instance, a student's emotional state can be influenced by recent events, interactions with peers, or even their physical health. A student who feels anxious about an upcoming test may have a vastly different emotional response than when they are engaged in a favorite activity. This variation underlines the fact that emotional states are more transient and can shift with immediate circumstances, making them the least stable individual difference in comparison to the other options.